{"id":3283,"date":"2025-07-25T16:31:06","date_gmt":"2025-07-25T07:31:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/?post_type=news&#038;p=3283"},"modified":"2026-04-13T23:04:06","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T14:04:06","slug":"the-fusion-era-fusion-101-a-closer-look-at-our-liquid-metal-technology","status":"publish","type":"news","link":"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/en\/news\/2025\/07\/25\/3283","title":{"rendered":"THE FUSION ERA \u2013 Fusion 101 \/ A Closer Look at Our Liquid Metal Technology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"538\" src=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fusion-101-A-Closer-Look-at-Our-Liquid-Metal-Technology-1024x538.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3284\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fusion-101-A-Closer-Look-at-Our-Liquid-Metal-Technology-1024x538.png 1024w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fusion-101-A-Closer-Look-at-Our-Liquid-Metal-Technology-300x158.png 300w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fusion-101-A-Closer-Look-at-Our-Liquid-Metal-Technology-768x403.png 768w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fusion-101-A-Closer-Look-at-Our-Liquid-Metal-Technology.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At Kyoto Fusioneering, we\u2019re pioneering the development of a groundbreaking technology\u2014the Fusion Thermal Cycle System\u2014a cutting-edge technology that captures the intense heat from fusion reactions and transforms it into usable electricity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To demonstrate this technology, we\u2019re building UNITY-1: an integrated experimental plant housed at our Kyoto Research Centre. Designed to replicate the extreme conditions of a fusion power plant, UNITY-1 serves as a proving ground for power generation technologies operating under fusion-relevant conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So how do you move heat that exceeds 1000\u00b0C and then convert it into electricity at a much lower temperature of around 500\u00b0C?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The secret lies in liquid metal.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At UNITY-1, we use liquid metal to extract and transport heat. This high-temperature liquid flows through specialized piping to deliver thermal energy where it\u2019s needed most: for power generation and hydrogen production. In this installment of our <em>Fusion 101<\/em> blog series, we\u2019re taking a closer look at one of the core elements of the Fusion Thermal Cycle System: liquid metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/UNITy-1-Overview-1024x768.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3276\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/UNITy-1-Overview-1024x768.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/UNITy-1-Overview-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/UNITy-1-Overview-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/UNITy-1-Overview-1536x1152.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/UNITy-1-Overview-2048x1536.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>UNITY-1 at the Kyoto Research Centre \u2013 April 2025<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Use Liquid Metal?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In thermal and nuclear power generation, heat energy is produced either by burning fossil fuels or through nuclear fission. This heat is then used to boil water, generating steam that drives turbines to produce electricity. These systems typically operate at temperatures around 600\u00b0C for thermal and 300\u00b0C for nuclear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fusion energy, however, pushes the limits even further\u2014producing temperatures well beyond those of conventional systems. To harness this extreme heat safely and efficiently, we turn to liquid metal instead of water. While water-based systems are technically feasible, extracting such high temperatures with water creates immense pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Liquid metal changes the game. It can carry extreme heat while operating under much lower pressure, making it both safer and more efficient for fusion power applications. At UNITY-1, the heat carried by liquid metal is transferred to compressed air through a heat exchanger. This superheated air then drives a turbine, generating clean electricity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Kind of Liquid Metal?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Among the various candidates, UNITY-1 uses a specially selected lithium-lead alloy (LiPb) as its liquid metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why LiPb? It combines exceptional thermal conductivity with chemical stability, two crucial traits for safely transporting heat in extreme environments. Pure lithium, though attractive for fusion, reacts easily with oxygen and water, making it difficult to manage. By alloying it with lead, we avoid those risks while retaining its useful properties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even when cooled to around 500\u00b0C, LiPb remains in liquid form. This allows efficient heat transfer without putting excess strain on pipes or surrounding components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">LiPb is more than just a heat carrier; it also plays a critical role as a fuel generator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The lithium in the alloy reacts with neutrons produced during fusion to generate tritium, a key fuel for the D-T (deuterium-tritium) fusion reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In other words, LiPb doesn\u2019t just move heat\u2014it helps close the fuel cycle for fusion energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/\u30c8\u30ea\u30c1\u30a6\u30e0\u5897\u6b96-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/\u30c8\u30ea\u30c1\u30a6\u30e0\u5897\u6b96-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/\u30c8\u30ea\u30c1\u30a6\u30e0\u5897\u6b96-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/\u30c8\u30ea\u30c1\u30a6\u30e0\u5897\u6b96-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/\u30c8\u30ea\u30c1\u30a6\u30e0\u5897\u6b96.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Chemical reaction showing lithium (Li) and a neutron (n) producing helium (He) and tritium (T)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tritium is a critical fuel for fusion, but high-purity tritium is incredibly rare in nature. That means fusion power plants must produce tritium on-site to sustain operations. That\u2019s where LiPb proves its value once again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each fusion reaction produces one neutron, which can then interact with lithium to create one tritium atom. But, to meet the fuel demands of continuous fusion, we need even more neutrons. Enter lead (Pb)\u2014the neutron multiplier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"698\" src=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fusion-reaction-1024x698.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3282\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fusion-reaction-1024x698.png 1024w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fusion-reaction-300x204.png 300w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fusion-reaction-768x523.png 768w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fusion-reaction-1536x1047.png 1536w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Fusion-reaction-2048x1396.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Heavy elements like lead holding several neutrons can absorb a high-energy neutron and release another in return. This cascade effect helps boost tritium production, making the fusion process more self-sustaining. With LiPb, we\u2019re transporting heat while creating the fuel that powers the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/\u30ea\u30c1\u30a6\u30e0\u5897\u500d-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3278\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/\u30ea\u30c1\u30a6\u30e0\u5897\u500d-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/\u30ea\u30c1\u30a6\u30e0\u5897\u500d-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/\u30ea\u30c1\u30a6\u30e0\u5897\u500d-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/\u30ea\u30c1\u30a6\u30e0\u5897\u500d.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>\u00a0Chemical reaction showing lead (Pb) and a neutron (n) producing two neutrons (2n)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This dual capability of efficient heat transfer and fuel generation makes lithium-lead a cornerstone of next-generation fusion energy systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Testing Liquid Metal in Development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To unlock the full potential of lithium-lead, we\u2019re running a wide range of tests, starting with how to circulate it safely and efficiently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At UNITY-1, our piping system is designed to maintain temperatures of up to 1000\u00b0C. It\u2019s insulated to minimize heat loss and engineered to account for thermal expansion, ensuring stable operation even under extreme conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We\u2019re also developing hydrogen isotope separation technology using a specialized device called the Vacuum Sieve Tray (VST). In this system, liquid LiPb drips through a series of trays to release tritium from the mixture, which can then be extracted by powerful vacuum pumping systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>(For safety and regulatory reasons, UNITY-1 uses hydrogen and deuterium in place of tritium during testing.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/VST-Test-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3279\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/VST-Test-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/VST-Test-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/VST-Test-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/VST-Test-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/VST-Test-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Observing liquid metal droplets inside the VST device<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another key area of testing focuses on MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) pressure loss: how strong magnetic fields affect the flow of LiPb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because liquid metals conduct electricity, they generate electric currents when exposed to magnetic fields, following Fleming\u2019s Left-Hand Rule. These induced currents can resist the flow of the liquid metal, leading to pressure loss and reduced energy efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Understanding these MHD effects is essential for efficient heat transfer and for designing the blanket system, which captures high-energy neutrons from fusion reactions and plays a vital role in both energy recovery and tritium production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/MHD-Experiment-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/MHD-Experiment-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/MHD-Experiment-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/MHD-Experiment-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/kyotofusioneering.com\/kfwp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/MHD-Experiment.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Inspecting magnetic fields generated by superconducting coils<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At UNITY-1, we\u2019re accelerating development by integrating key devices and systems, bringing together everything from liquid metal loops to heat exchangers to validate our lithium-lead-based power generation technology under fusion-relevant conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As we continue pushing the boundaries of what\u2019s possible in fusion energy, we\u2019ll be sharing more updates through our blog and video series. Stay tuned\u2014and watch the future take shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/build-relation\/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7041545166318403584\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Subscribe to Our Newsletter<\/a>\u00a0(LinkedIn)<br>Follow Us on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/kyotofusioneer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">X<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/53452286\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">LinkedIn<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":3284,"template":"","news_category":[22,10],"news_year":[26],"class_list":["post-3283","news","type-news","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","news_category-technology","news_category-blog","news_year-26","en-US"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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